Construction industry digital dictionary
In the construction industry digital dictionary you will find terms and abbreviations related to the topic and their explanations. You can find the digital dictionary as a pdf file at the end of the page. The file also contains the sources of the dictionary.
Digital dictionary alphabetically
A (e.g. AI, AIR, Sensor)
+| AI, Artificial Intelligence | Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science that aims to develop computer systems that that perform functions normally associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and self-improvement. [1] |
| AIR | AIR asset information requirements AIR describes the information requirements in relation to the use of an asset. The asset information requirements (AIR) describe the requirements for producing asset information. the necessary managerial, commercial and technical aspects. [2] |
| AIM Information model related to the use phase of an asset | AIM (Asset Information Model) is a structured data archive that used in decision-making for built environment objects throughout their life cycle. Asset Information Model (AIM) may include, for example, device registers, cumulative maintenance costs, recorded information about installation and maintenance dates, property ownership details and other details that the client considers valuable and wants to be managed systematically. [2] |
| Original format | The native format is the modeling program's own storage format. In construction industry publications, the terms native model or native format. [3] [4] |
| Alphanumeric code | Alphanumeric code (also alphanumeric code) refers to a code consisting of the alphabet (az) and numbers (o-9), which uses punctuation marks. [5] [6] |
| Sensor | A sensor is a device that responds to a physical stimulus such as heat, light, sound, pressure, gravity, or motion and transmits its value forward. Sensors are used, for example, in various IoT solutions. [7] |
| Value chain | A value chain refers to the step-by-step refinement of a product or service into a finished product, so that each step increases the value of the final product. [8] |
| ATO | Assembly-to-order is a manufacturing strategy often used in industries with a high volume of different options or configurations for a product. In this manufacturing strategy, the product manufacturer produces from stock These parts are typically designed to fit together in different configurations, allowing the company to offer customers a range of product options while minimizing individual production needs. Typical ATO products include windows and kitchen furniture. In this production control method, capital is tied up in inventory because a lot of standard components are needed. The idea of ATO is to balance the advantages of mass production and flexibility of customized production. The ATO product manufacturing system does not have a buffer for ready inventory, and delivery time depends on about the availability of the warehouse subassembly stock. [9] [10] |
| Attribute | Attributes describe the properties of objects. This can be, for example, a single attribute related to a structural element in a data model. information or a characteristic that describes it; for example, name, location, material, manufacturer, version number, and cost. [11] |
| Open data | Open data means data that is available and visible to others and that anyone can freely use, recycle, republish and redistribute. [13] |
| Open operating environment | An application in which independent parties are free to participate and where bilateral arrangements are not necessary. (see closed operating environment). [5] [9] |
B (e.g. Big data, BIM, Bitti)
+| BCF | BCF (BIM Collaboration Format) is a standard for exchanging information about the content of an IFC dataset. The information can be exchanged In a ZIP file (xml) or via API (JSON). [14] |
| Big Data | The concept of Big Data (Finnish: large data or mass data) refers to large data sets – primarily in terms of the amount of data, in terms of diversity, speed and variability – which require scalable technology for efficient storage, processing, for management and analysis. Big Data is mostly unstructured (unstructured data, such as text, image, video, and audio data). [15] |
| BIM, Building Information Modeling, Building Information Modeling | Building Information Modelling (BIM) refers to the process of designing and building the built environment. the use of a common digital representation of an asset to facilitate design, construction and operation, so that decision-making can be a reliable foundation is obtained NOTE: Built assets include buildings, bridges, roads, and manufacturing plants. [2] |
| Done | A bit (binary digit, bit) is a measure of the amount of information in information theory and the smallest unit of data or information flow that can be processed in information technology. part. The smallest unit of electronic information is the bit (b), a single character that can take on the value 1 or 0. [5] [6] |
| Bit byte | A byte is a unit of measurement used in computer technology for storage capacity that is independent of the amount of data stored. The next smallest unit after a bit is a byte (t), which is eight bits, such as the string 00010101. [5] [6] |
| GOOD | BOM Bill of Materials (BOM) refers to a documented formal and hierarchical tabulation of the product's components. of the physical assemblies, subassemblies and components required for manufacturing. [16] |
| E-BOM | E-BOM Engineering Bill of Materials. [17] |
| M-BOM | M-BOM Manufacturing Bill of Materials. [17] |
| BI | Business Intelligence (BI) refers to the procedural and technical infrastructure that collects, stores and analyzes the data generated by a company's operations. Microsoft Power BI is one of the popular BI software used by companies to analyze data for analysis and reporting. [18] |
CD (e.g. CDE, Data, Digital Twin)
+| Spanish Sporthorse | A Common Data Environment (CDE) is an agreed upon source of information for the collection, management, and dissemination of every piece of information about any project or asset through a managed process. NOTE: A Common Data Environment workflow describes the processes to be used, and a Common Data Environment (CDE) application may provide the technology to support these processes. [2] |
| Date | Data refers to a reinterpretable representation of information in a formalized manner that is suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing. [13] |
| Data analytics | Data analytics is the process of analyzing, collecting, organizing, and storing raw data for business purposes. to obtain relevant observations. [19] |
| Data analysis | Data analysis refers to a phase of the data lifecycle that encompasses the techniques used to achieve the analyst's goals, namely to produce informative knowledge from organized data. [20] |
| De facto standard | A method, etc., that has achieved the status of a practical standard, but has not been standardized by an official standards organization. |
| Digital identity | An identity that consists of digital identification data. A digital identity allows a company (or other entity or object) to be reliably identified and the company can operate fully by sharing verified information about itself online. [21] |
| Digital twin | A digital twin is a digital version of a physical entity that includes, within the scope of a use case, all essential information about its physical pair (using Artificial Intelligence, machine learning, IoT technology for dynamic data collection and for real-time information exchange). [22] |
| Digitization | Digital transformation refers to a systemic change in operating culture, in which digital technologies (including big data) data, blockchain, cloud computing, internet of things, artificial intelligence, analytics, cognitive solutions, etc.) are increasing in all different everyday activities, enhancing operations based on data analytics. [23] |
| Digitizing | Digitization refers to the process of converting analog materials into digital (in IT terms) to be processed) format. [13] |
| DISC | Products produced using the Design to Order production method are, like ETO products, Customized project products that are designed and manufactured based on a project-specific order. As an exception to ETO products, the delivery of DTO products includes product development, which is why their delivery times are long. In the construction industry, products and supply chains based on the DTO production method are rare, although the construction process can be considered customer-driven. as product development. [9] [10] |
EF (e.g. EPC, ERP, ETIM, Format)
+| EDI | EDI (electronic data interchange) refers to a standardized technology used to exchange information between organizations. communication. EDI is usually combined with the EDIFACT message format. Most of the e.g. trade, wholesale, industry and messages in the transport sector are in accordance with the EDIFACT standard. [21] [6] |
| AND GO | EIR or Exchange Information Requirements (EIR) refers to information requirements in relation to to the assignment. |
| EPC | EPC (Electronic Product Code) is a GS1 standard for RFID. It is used to identify, for example, logistical units, locations and other supply chain data suitable for RFID technology. EPC can be used in different contexts, for example in binary format encoded in RFID tags or in text format for sharing data between company systems. [24] |
| EPICS | EPICS (Electronic Product Code Information Services) is a GS1 standard designed to facilitate the exchange of transaction data. creating, storing and sharing information between organizations throughout the supply chain. EPCIS provides a uniform data structure and format for recording events, enabling the tracking of the status, location, movements and origin of products and assets. [25] |
| ERP | An ERP system (enterprise resource planning) is a company's information system that integrates different functions, such as production, distribution, inventory management, invoicing, and accounting. [26] |
| ETIM standard | ETIM (European Technical Information Model) is an international de facto industry standard that defines how electrical, The technical characteristics of HVAC and construction products must be communicated and communicated in a consistent manner throughout the supply chain. ETIM International manages and develops, through its members, a uniform and standardized language for technical products in the construction, plumbing and electrical sectors. independent product classification. ETIM is not a product database or software, but a logical model for dividing products into different product categories and a list of the most important technical features of the different product categories. [27] |
| ETO | The starting point of the ETO (Engineer-to-order) production method is customer-specific customized products that are designed and manufactured according to customer specifications to meet their specific needs. In the ETO supply chain The customer order connection point is located in the product design phase. Therefore, all processes are related to individual customer requirements. Products produced using the ETO production method typically have long delivery times and high production costs. In addition, the products and processes High variability, complexity and low production volumes are characteristic of the ETO production environment, as in each new The order involves product design based on customer specifications. Therefore, ETO products require a high level of engineering, design and production expertise, as well as active exchange of information between different parties. [9] [10] |
| Format | A format is a representation of data according to a defined encoding method. [11] |
G (e.g. GDPR, GS1 standards, GTIN)
+| GDPR | The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regulates citizens' rights to data protection and their own confidential processing of personal data. The Finnish Data Protection Act specifies and supplements the General Data Protection Regulation. [28] |
| GS1 Digital link | GS1 Digital Link defines how GS1 barcodes are routed to different web links in a standardized way. For example, it is the standard behind the GS1 2D code, which enables connections to both supply chain identifiers and consumer communication content. When a product has an EAN, QR, NFC or GS1 DataMatrix code, it is routed to different URLs and GS1 supply chain identifiers using GS1 Digital Link. The brand owner determines where the code will lead. [25] |
| GS1 Standards | The GS1 standard system (global standard one) is based on the identification, physical identification, and digital sharing of information (including things, goods, places, and people) between different actors in the supply chain. [29] |
| CPID component or part identifier | CPID (Component/Part Identifier) is a GS1 product identification standard that corresponds to the GTIN code for buyer-oriented identification needs, but is not limited to product identification defined by product manufacturers, as is the GTIN standard. CPID is used when manufacturers assemble parts and components manufactured by different companies into final products. The CPID identifier Use is limited by mutual agreement between the parties. It is not an open supply chain standard, as the actual structure of the symbol depends on the commercial relationships between manufacturers and their suppliers. [30] |
| GDTI | The Global Document Type Identifier (GDTI) is a GS1 identification standard used to identify various types of documents. document types, such as invoices or shipping documents. [31] |
| GIAI | The Global Individual Asset Identifier (GIAI) is a GS1 identification standard used to identify fixed assets. for the identification of fixed assets (e.g. electricity meters). [31] |
| GINC | The Global Identification Number for Consignment (GINC) is a GS1 identification standard used for the logistics transport phase. used (to identify a transport grouped under the same transport document) to identify one or more logistic units a consignment consisting of goods intended to be transported together. [31] |
| GLN | GLN (Global Location Number) is a GS1 identification standard that can be used to identify a company, its internal operations or locations. In e-commerce messages, GLN is used to identify the parties to a transaction, e.g. for ordering, delivery, invoicing and messaging needs. The GLN identifier ensures that e-invoices and other electronic documents arrive at the correct recipient in corporate networks. [31] |
| GRAI | The Global Returnable Asset Identifier (GRAI) is the GS1 standard for identifying returnable assets. for the identification of load carriers (returnable pallets, boxes, roll cages, etc.). [31] |
| GSIN | The Global Shipment Identification Number (GSIN) is a GS1 identification standard used to identify logistics shipments. identify the logistic units belonging to the same delivery. This means that a delivery made up of logistic units are documented on the same shipping document and/or bill of lading under the same GSIN. The GSIN is used to possible to track and trace logistical units in the transport chain from the shipper to the recipient. The parties in the chain can take advantage of the same GSIN identifier in the flow of information between different parties, such as when communicating transport instructions or status. The identifier can be used, for example, in EDI messages as a delivery reference number. [31] |
| GSRN | The Global Service Relation Number (GSRN) is a GS1 identification standard used to provide a service a unique identifier for customer, business or user relationships. The service relationship identifier can be used to identify both the recipient of the service and the service provider, and often these are registered simultaneously, for example when a supplier delivers a product to a customer. The service relationship party can be either a person or a company. The GSRN can be encoded in a barcode or EPC/RFID tag, for example, an identity card or an electricity meter. [31] |
| GMN | The Global Model Number (GMN) is a GS1 identification standard used to identify a product model by its accounting group/ identification of product types/product models. [31] |
| GTIN | The Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) is a GS1 identifier that can be used to identify a product item. sales items (raw materials, products or packaging) at the trade item level. The construction industry uses the GTIN for unique for documenting and identifying products in internal and external databases. [31] |
| SGTIN | The SGTIN (Serialized Global Trade Item Number) is an additional part of the GTIN that can be used to identify the same product. different units. The GTIN itself does not provide a unique identification of each unit of a product because it does not identify the physical object each unit. A GTIN identifies a specific group of identical products, while an SGTIN identifies a group of identical products. each unit of products using serial numbers. For example, a lamp has a GTIN, and two identical lamps have a to distinguish them from each other, they must have their own SGTIN. [32] |
| SSCC | Serial Shipping Container Code (SSCC) is a GS1 identification code for logistic units, such as pallets. and for identifying transport packages. [31] |
| GUID identifier | GUID (Globally Unique IDentifier) is a unique identifier assigned to each part by the modeling program. With the GUID, the same A part can be identified from different models and thus the information bound to the part is preserved when the model is updated or the information can be transferred from the model When an element has been given information to be preserved, e.g. installation date, the GUID identifiers must be preserved. by modifying already created building blocks instead of destroying them and creating a new one. GUIDs are formed from 128-bit a series of random numbers, usually represented as 32 hexadecimal digits grouped by hyphens. GUIDs use numbers 0-9 and letters AF. [33] |
HI (e.g. Procurement message, IDM, IoT)
+| Procurement message | A procurement message is a trading-related message that is in a structured and machine-processable form. A standard method of electronic data transfer in the supply chain commonly used in the construction industry is the so-called e-invoice, in which the supplier A specific electronic message (invoice) is transmitted from the system directly to the customer's system. From the construction industry perspective In addition to e-invoicing, important message definitions also exist for delivery control, e.g. for orders, order confirmations and for deliveries (electronic waybill). [21] |
| IDM | IDM (information delivery manual) is a procedure in accordance with the SFS-EN ISO 29481-1 standard that describes the information production process. process(es) and content requirements for information produced for a specific purpose. The IDM specification is divided into three sections: Use Case, Process Definition, *Exchange Requirement. [34] |
| IFC | IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) is an international standard for the construction industry (EN ISO 16739) for object-based building or infrastructure design. for the semantic definition, structuring and transfer of information from one computer system to another. In other words, IFC is a standard that defines how data components corresponding to physical building parts should be described. This open standard data format is widely used in the exchange of information between software, from design to construction and maintenance. [22] |
| ifcQL
ifcOWL ifcXML ifcJSON ifcSPFF |
ifcQL Industry Foundation Classes Query Language (IFC) is a standard query language for filtering IFC records. [14]
ifcOWL IFC OWL ontology. [14] ifcXML IFC data in XML format. [14] ifcJSON JSON-formatted IFC dataset. [14] [35] ifcSPFF STEP format IFC dataset. [14] [35] |
| Information | The term “information” has traditionally referred to the semantic content of a structure, message, sign or code, information content that can be interpreted, decoded or otherwise made manifest if the right kind of processing is available method. In other words, information refers to a reinterpretable, agreed-upon representation that is suitable for data transfer, communication, interpretation or processing. Information may be processed by humans or by automated means. [36] [2] |
| Information model | An information model is a named, persistent set of information that can be retrieved from a file, system, or from the application's storage hierarchy. [2] information exchange Information exchange measures to satisfy an information requirement or part thereof. [2] |
| Information Technology (IT) | Information technology refers to the use of technology for the storage, transmission or processing. Technology typically includes computers, telecommunications, applications and other software. Information may include business information, audio, images, videos, etc. Information technology is often used to support business processes with IT services. [37] |
| Information requirement | A general concept for what, when, why, how and for whom information is produced. [2] |
| Instance information | Instance data refers to the unique identifier of a specific product instance and the more specific unique identifier of this instance. product information. For example, instance information related to a luminaire helps to identify the space for which the luminaire is designed. for installation. [10] |
| IoT, Internet of Things | IoT, or the Internet of Things, is the connection of machines and devices to the Internet and the data generated by the machines. It involves the integration of interconnected entities, i.e. target units, people, systems and information resource infrastructure and services that process information from the physical and virtual worlds, and react to it. [12] |
| IoT device | The term IoT device refers to an entity in an IoT system, i.e. a target unit, that interacts and communicates with with the physical world by sensing or activating it. An IoT device can be a sensor or an actuator. [12] |
| IoT system | The term IoT system refers to a system that provides Internet of Things functionalities. may include IoT devices, IoT gateways, sensors, and actuators. [12] |
| IT | IT, or information technology, refers to the use of computers and digital communications. for storing, retrieving, transferring, and modifying information. [38] |
JK (e.g. JSON, Root Cause, Machine Learning)
+| JSON | JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a simple and lightweight open standard file format for data exchange. communication based on JavaScript. It is a human-readable and machine-friendly format used often used to store and transmit data between web applications. JSON is commonly used in RESTful interfaces, where data is sent and received via HTTP requests and responses. JSON structures consist of key-value pairs that can be included in objects and arrays. JSON notation defines an object with a starting curly brace {, followed by the names of the object variables and their values. Finally, the object is terminated by a closing curly brace }. The names of object variables are enclosed in double quotes ” because they are treated as strings. Variable values are enclosed in quotation marks, depending on the type of value. For example: { “product”: { “name”: “Screw”, “material”: “Steel”, "size": { “length”: “3 cm”, “diameter”: “2 mm” }, “price”: “0.05 euros/piece” } } This JSON example contains an object that describes a screw. The object contains key-value pairs such as “name”, “material”, “size”, and “price”. The size of the screw is represented in another object, which contains key-value pairs for length and diameter. [22][35] |
| Root cause | A root cause is the original cause behind a problem or issue. [39] |
| Root cause analysis | Root cause analysis (RCA) is a process that identifies the root cause of a problem or issue. [39] |
| Machine learning | Machine learning refers to a field of computer science in which software or a system “learns” data. without programming. Machine learning utilizes computational methods and statistics familiar from data analytics to improve gradually increasing the performance of a given task. [12] |
| Machine readability | Machine readability means that the information is structured in a systematic way so that a machine can interpret, process, and transfer data to a data processing system without user intervention. Linear (1D) barcode symbols as well as two-dimensional symbols, magnetic stripe smart cards, RFID, biometrics and optical character recognition are machine-readable techniques. The data is usually contained in predefined locations (fields) in the data stream. A computer program can interpret this information. [6] |
| Machine vision | Computer vision refers to the ability of a functional unit to acquire, process, and interpret data in image or video format. from a source. Machine vision involves the use of sensors to create a digital image that represents a visual situation. Machine vision is closely related to image recognition, such as digital image processing. Data in the form of images usually originates from a digital camera, a digitally scanned physical image, or some other image input device. Digital images exist as a matrix of numbers representing the grayscale tones or colors present in the image, or in some cases, a collection of vectors. Digital images may contain metadata that describes characteristics and attributes associated with the image. Digital images may be compressed for storage to save and improve their transmission speed in digital networks. [12] |
| Call home | A house call is a notification made by the client (often a construction site) to the supplier, confirming the delivery content and The home call may concern the entire delivery or, if it consists of several lots, only one delivery lot. [40] |
| Kolli | A package refers to the smallest (unspecified) transport unit of a shipment of travel or freight. Each package is be provided with a so-called parcel address label. The parcel address label states, among other things, the delivery address of the shipment, the SSCC code, the parcel serial number and weight, as well as the total number of packages in the shipment and the total weight of the packages. |
| Reverse logistics | Reverse logistics refers to the movement of products from points of consumption to points of origin. Reverse logistics Logistics is often referred to as recycling and responsible waste management. However, it can also be considered as part of the production process. for the return of products created (including surplus material from installations and defective or incorrect products), for reuse or recycling from the original point of consumption back into the production chain, including maintenance, repair and disposal during the product's life cycle remediation measures and proper disposal. [9] |
| Komponentti | Component is a general term used to refer to one part of a whole. A construction site Components are either building parts or product parts. Building parts are mainly manufactured (assembled) on site. Product parts are mainly ready-to-buy products that are installed. |
| KPI, key performance indicator |
A KPI (key performance indicator) is a metric used to evaluate the performance of an organization or company in a specific area or in achieving the goal. It helps the organization measure, track and analyze how well it has succeeded to achieve the set goals. KPIs can vary depending on the organization and its goals, and can cover, for example, sales, marketing, customer satisfaction, productivity and other aspects of operations. [41] |
L (e.g. Last planner system, LOD, LOIN)
+| Extensive Language Models (LLM) | Large Language Models (LLM) is an artificial intelligence-based system that is used, for example, to predict probability of the next word in a sentence, based on the input given in translating and generating answers. Extensive Language models are based on machine learning, and in particular deep learning. This means that the language model utilizes and develops autonomously a kind of system that mimics the human brain, learning the contexts, meanings and Such language models also require large databases, also called training data, to learn and develop. The training data utilized by the language model can be, for example, information collected from the internet. The larger and more accurate the database, the The longer a language model is given access to and the longer it is allowed to learn and make mistakes, the better its ability to predict and produce text is. better. The task of a language model is therefore to generate human-like fluent text based on the input (prompt) given to it. The most common input The input method for an artificial intelligence application is text written in a text field. World-renowned language models include OpenAI's ChatGPT and Google's Bard. |
| Last Planner System, LPS | The Last Planner System (LPS) is a production control method in Construction. [42] |
| Linked data | Linked data is structured data that is connected to data contained in multiple datasets using links. Linked data may be open data, in which case it is called open linked data. [20] |
| LOD, design level of development specification | Design Level of Development (LOD) is a theoretical comparison method for information modeling, which The purpose is to improve communication between building information model (BIM) users about the properties of model elements and their according to the development phase. LOD levels of development are based on the information requirements for the different end-uses of the design: permit process (LOD 100-300), procurement (LOD 300-350), prefabrication (LOD 350-400), installation and life cycle management (LOD 400). LOD The development level specification therefore indicates the accuracy of the project information in the information model. [43] [44] |
| Logistics | Logistics is the process of making connections and finding the best way to achieve a goal, so that material objects or living things can be brought to the right place at the right time in sufficient quantities. [20] Supply chain management is often confused with logistics, which are terms that refer to the same thing. Supply chain management is a definition describing the interdependencies between supply chain actors at a strategic level, while logistics management focuses on the management of material flows delivered to a project site at an operational level, which examines the companies' procurement delivery process (inbound, inbound and outbound logistics). [9] |
| Blockchain | Blockchain refers to a technology that allows unrelated parties to jointly produce and maintain databases in a decentralized manner. A blockchain is implemented as a list or log of transactions that is shared among participants, making it possible to verifies from multiple sources and compiles a database based on it. [21] |
| LOIN, information need | LOIN, or Level of Information Need, refers to a framework that defines the scope and granularity of information. NOTE: One purpose of defining information needs is to prevent the provision of excessive information. For building information models often referred to as a level of development specification (LOD) which is designed specifically for model-based working, while the term LOIN The aim is to describe the information content of the entire project as broadly as possible by shifting the focus increasingly to metadata, instead of geometric properties. [2] [45] |
| Log information | Log data is event data that is automatically logged into the memory of an information system. [46] |
| Departure information | Initial data is information obtained or measured from various sources for the design of products, operations and services. information obtained. [22 |
MN (e.g. Metadata, MRP, NoSQL)
+| Metadata | Metadata is information about data. Metadata describes the context, content or structure of the material and guides and documents it. processing and management. [47] [20] |
| MRP, material requirements planning | MRP, or Manufacturing Resource Planning, is a software application that controls and schedules material flows. according to production requirements. [48] [49] |
| MTS, warehouse-driven production method | MTS, or make-to-stock, is typically used for products (e.g. fasteners) with predictable demand. In make-to-stock production, the customer order switching point is located in the finished product warehouse in the supply chain. In this case, products are manufactured based on internal production orders to the finished product warehouse, from where they are delivered based on the customer order. to the customer. Since MTS products are typically produced in large quantities to achieve economies of scale, the MTS production format binds capital, which is why the correct amount of production, according to demand, depends on the accuracy of demand forecasts. [9] [10] |
| MTO, make-to-order production | In MTO, or make-to-order, products are manufactured in advance based on customer-specific orders. according to defined product plans. MTO products are often highly customized and their production times are longer than MTS products because production is started on order. Made-to-order production is used when the product range is wide and each product is demand is low. Due to low demand, products from the MTO production method are typically more expensive than products from the MTS production method, but offer more flexibility and customization options, enabling customers special requirements. In construction, custom-made products can be standardized products such as the MTS production method commercial products, where the difference may be the customer's need to customize the basic product, for example from the standard color of a stock product through a different color tone. Such customer-specific color options are typically only produced after the order is placed. [9] [10] |
| Nomenclature (or classification) | In this context, classification refers to a systematic and standardized classification (a set of headings) that identifies, codes, and names a physical product, part or component of a product, material, or service. [22] |
| NoSQL database | A NoSQL database is a database system that differs from traditional relational databases in that it does not follow a relational model or SQL (Structured Query Language). Instead, NoSQL databases offer a more flexible data model that is particularly suited to distributed and scalable environments. [50 |
OP (e.g. Ontology, Application Programming Interface API, PEPPOL)
+| Ontology | Ontology refers to the formal and clear definition of a shared set of concepts. An ontology typically includes definitions of concepts and the defined relationships between them, stored in a form that a machine can use them for reasoning. [13] |
| Application programming interface, API | An application programming interface (API) is a definition that allows different programs to make requests and exchange information, i.e. talk to each other. The interface can be simply a data interface through which you can read the data contained in a service. to other systems. [21] |
| PEPPOL network | PEPPOL (Pan European Public eProcurement On-Line) is an electronic message exchange network based on commonly agreed for data transfer methods, data models and business rules. Users of the PEPPOL network exchange, among others, procurement messages, e-invoices and authority reports. [21] |
| PIM | The project information model (PIM) is a structured data archive used for the implementation phase of a project. in decision-making in built environment objects throughout their life cycle. A project information model (PIM) may include, during project implementation, for example, details of the project geometry, equipment locations, design-time performance requirements, construction methods and schedules, costs, and details of installed systems, components, and equipment, including their maintenance requirements. [2] |
| Property Set | A Property Set is a dynamic, often project-specific set of properties for a specific object (type). [14] |
| PLM, product lifecycle management | Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the process of ensuring the timely renewal of infrastructure components. and to examine the life cycle costs of products. [51] |
| Cloud service | A cloud service is one or more functionalities provided in accordance with cloud computing and accessed through a defined interface. Simply put, cloud services enable data to be stored and processed on servers located on the Internet, rather than being locally on your own computer or on an organization's own servers. These services can include file storage, email, web applications, and database services. Cloud services allow users to access data and applications from anywhere with an internet connection, making them convenient and flexible to use. [52] |
| Cloud computing | Cloud computing is a paradigm or model of thought that enables network-based access to scalable and flexible physical or virtual shareable resources (servers, operating systems, networks, software, applications and storage media) and where the use of service resources can be managed on a needs-based basis. [52] |
| PIR | Project Information Requirements (PIR) refers to information requirements in relation to for the implementation of the asset. [2] |
| Process information | Process data refers to process data related to the processing, distribution, location, use, etc. of a product individual and delivery batch, such as time stamps, location codes and employee information. It is therefore essential to note that process information is only created in the project and its various functions. |
| Project product | Project products refer to products designed and produced for a single project, which differ from mass-produced standard products in terms of product characteristics, such as dimensions or performance, and in terms of more limited availability. The control of the production of project products requires cooperation between designers, product suppliers and contractors. Design products according to the ETO production strategy have been considered project products. In addition, some commercial products can be seen as project-specific assemblies of various standard products, which refers to the ATO production strategy. [9] [53] |
RS (e.g. REST, RFID, standard, SQL)
+| Relational database | A relational database is a database system that is based on the relational model. The relational model describes the data structure of a database in terms of tables and the relationships between them. Each table in a database contains rows, each of which represents a single record, and columns that specify the properties of the record. Relational databases use the SQL (Structured Query Language) language. Language) for querying and managing data. Common relational databases include PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle Database, and Microsoft SQLServer. |
| REST | The REST API (Representational state transfer application programming interface) is an architectural model (or style) for implementing application programming interfaces, which is used for communication between distributed systems. The REST model defines applications through data-processing parts (components), data objects (resources), and their connections. |
| RFID | RFID (radio frequency identification) is a system used for automatic identification and tracking purposes, which uses radio frequency electromagnetic fields to transmit information from tags attached to objects. An RFID tag is a sticker, card, implant or similar marking attached to an object that contains an antenna and a small microcircuit. Content of the tag can be written and read without contact or line of sight and multiple tags can be read simultaneously. Reading distances depend on the frequency used, the power, the sensitivity of the RFID reader and the antenna pattern. [20] |
| Structured data | Structured data refers to information that is organized in a specific format or schema, typically in rows and columns. columns, such as in relational databases or spreadsheet programs. This data follows a predefined pattern, which has clear rules about how individual pieces of data are stored and how they are related to each other. Structured data is well organized and easy to retrieve, use, and manipulate using database management systems and other tools. Examples of structured data are databases, spreadsheet programs, and specially formatted files such as XML and JSON. |
| Unstructured data | Unstructured data is a type of data in which each instance of the data can have its own internal structure. their structure, i.e. the structure of each case is not necessarily the same. For example, textual materials are often unstructured and each isolating the structural representation of a case requires the application of a series of operations. In the construction industry, unstructured data is much more common than structured. For example, human-generated data such as emails, PDF files and images are unstructured data because the structure of the parts of the data varies greatly. Unstructured data is difficult to analyze in its raw form. in a format that requires humans to interpret and communicate information in the supply chain. |
| Semantic interoperability | Semantic interoperability refers to a method of transferring and processing information in which the information meaning remains unchanged and understandable to all parties. Semantic interoperability therefore enables the materials are machine-searchable and readable. [21] |
| Standard | A standard is a technical document that is intended to be used as a rule, guideline or definition. A standard is prepared in a form that is understandable to everyone and can be implemented based on the document. [21] |
| Standardization | Standardization is the process of creating common guidelines and practices. Standardization refers to rules, instructions or technical specifications that are based on generally accepted practices. Standards can cover, for example, product quality requirements, safety standards, industry practices, and other technical information. [22] |
| Schema | A schema is a structural description that can be described with such precision that it also computers understand it. In computer science and database management, a schema defines the structure of a database, according to including the organization of data elements, the relationships between them, and the constraints governing their interaction. In other words, a schema is a logical plan that shows the relationships between metadata elements, usually by specifying rules for the use of metadata and for management, especially regarding semantics, syntax, and optionality (degree of mandatoryness) of values. [54] [21] |
| SQL language | Structured Query Language (SQL) is an international standard for defining database queries. SQL is practically the only language for querying and manipulating relational databases. SQL interfaces have been built on top of Hadoop and many NoSQL databases. SQL A query language serves as a good interface between relational databases and countless tools (e.g. BI products). [55] |
| Closed operating environment | A closed environment is an application that is intended for use by a closed group of users, usually within a single organization or under a specific agreement. (See open environment). [5] [9] |
T (e.g. batch production, data mining, transactional data)
+| Pace schedule | A takt schedule is a schedule created as a result of takt planning and controlled through takt control, which tells where, how, and with what resources the various tasks of a project and production will be carried out. [56] |
| Cycle time | Takt time describes the time in which a specific task is intended to be completed. [56] |
| Pace range | A takt area describes a space in which a specific set of tasks is intended to be completed within one takt time. [56] |
| Pace production | Takt production is a construction project management method that aims to radically improve the rhythm and flow of the production system, through precise production planning (takt planning), rhythmic production control (takt control) and over through continuous improvement of projects. [56] |
| Pace wagon (work package) | A time train is a “Value-generating process” that describes the set of tasks that a work group performs in one time zone during one time period. |
| Information exchange requirement | Exchange Information Requirements (EIR) refers to the information that must be exchanged within a certain to support a business requirement at a specific process step or steps in a machine language file. [34] |
| Data structure | A predefined structure in which information can be stored. [34] |
| Information management | Data management is an umbrella term that includes the development, management, and operations related to the utilization of data. and practices throughout the data lifecycle. The area includes, among others, data strategy, data governance, conceptual modeling, data warehousing, security issues, information architecture, storage solutions and data quality. [22] |
| Information architecture | Information architecture refers to a way of organizing and labeling data in management systems and repositories. stored information content and documents to facilitate retrieval, security, and usability. [13] |
| Tietokanta | A database is a collection of machine-readable information that contains electronically stored descriptive records or content units, such as facts, texts, images and sounds, and which is organized in such a way that it can be easily accessed, managed and updated using a common user interface and software for retrieving and processing data. [57] |
| Identification and data collection techniques | Identification and data collection technologies refer to methods that automatically identify objects, collect information about them, and input this information directly into computer systems (i.e. without human intervention) – for example, the use of barcodes, RFID, etc. |
| Status information | Status information as a concept describes the degree of completion of a building component or an activity occurring in the supply chain. The current state. Several status data can be recorded for each building element. For example, a concrete element can have status functions: design, casting, storage, delivery and installation. It is possible to record several different status functions depending on the object and needs. Each status function can be assigned status values that more accurately describe the current state of the building component. Status values can be, for example, started, paused, and completed. [58] |
| Supply chain | In construction, the construction supply chain encompasses all the activities and actors involved in producing the final product from raw materials. [9] |
| Supply chain management | According to the definition made from the perspective of the construction industry, construction supply chain management refers to the integration of companies operating at the beginning and end of the construction production chain, whose goal is to create value to the customer and other stakeholders in the supply chain in the form of products, services, information and currency. In other words, the construction The goal of supply chain management is to integrate the material and information flows of the supply chain to promote supply chain performance. regardless of functional or organizational boundaries. [9] |
| Actual model | An as-built model is a subset (phased) of the data content of a structure or system data model, which covers the final realization of the plans and implementation. [34] |
| Implementation model / production model | The as-planned model is the data content phase of a building information model that contains all planned information, such as the building's dimensions, materials, structures, and systems. [22] |
| Data mining | Data mining is a computational information retrieval process that identifies features by analyzing quantitative data from different perspectives and dimensions, classifying it, and summarizing possible relationships and effects. In simple terms, data mining refers to extracting relevant information from all available data. [12] [20] |
| Information model, information modeling, BIM | See Section B, BIM |
| Security | Information security refers to the physical and digital protection of information. Physical protection can include: measures that protect computers from burglars who steal them. Digital protection, or cyber security (engl. cyber Security means protecting against attacks and data breaches via the network. Information security has three main goals: ensuring confidentiality, integrity and availability. 1 Confidentiality means that information must not be leaked to outsiders. 2 Integrity means that systems are reliable and that information remains unchanged and up-to-date. backed up. 3 Availability means access to information when it is needed. [59] |
| Event information | Event data is a type of information that is collected and stored using various tracking tools or methods, to obtain information about supply chain events. [60] |
| Identifier | Information or characteristic that enables identification or recognition. [21] |
| Identification; recognition | Recognition refers to a procedure that verifies, for example, the identity of a person or the identifier of an object or thing. [21] |
| Production form | In the manufacturing industry, and especially in the construction industry, the production methods of products and materials differ from each other according to the inventory-based and order-driven production based on suction and push control, which is made concrete through the availability of products. While stock-driven products can be picked up directly from the shelves of building supply stores, order-driven products are manufactured through customer orders. Production forms can be divided into inventory-driven and order-driven production processes into five categories according to the Order Penetration Point (OPP): 1 Stock-driven manufacturing (MTS) 2 Customer-driven configuration (ATO) 3 Make-to-order production (MTO) 4 Customer-driven product design (CDE) 5 Customer-driven product development (DTO). [9] [53] |
| Transaction data | Transactional data is generated in business operations and contains information specific to business transactions. Transactional data is for example, data from purchases and orders. [21] |
| Product information | Product data refers to the presentation of information about a product in a formal way that is suitable for human or for computers to transmit, interpret or process. In the context of the construction industry, product information refers to almost everything related to products. related information. In the construction industry, product information related to products typically includes product brochures, technical and functional product specifications, etc. characteristics, plans, installation, operation and maintenance instructions, product structures, parts lists, test results, environmental impacts and possible security aspects. Product-related information can be divided into a) standard information, b) instance information and c) process data. [10] [61] |
UV,W (e.g. UDA, Standardization, WIP)
+| UDA | UDA (User Defined Attribute) refers to the associated information (metadata) stored for model objects in design software. [3] |
| URI | A URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) is a string of characters that uniquely identifies a specific web resource. following an agreed-upon syntax. A URI is typically used to identify network resources on the World Wide Web. [62] [20] |
| Standardization | Standardization refers to the harmonization and consolidation of information management and operating methods. |
| Standard product | A standard product refers to products from the manufacturer's generally available product range that are designed for general needs and manufactured according to predefined characteristics, dimensions and standards. Standard products have been considered as part of the MTS production strategy standardised standard commercial products in accordance with the MTO production strategy, as well as custom products in accordance with the MTO production strategy. [9] [53] |
| Validation | Validation means the verification, based on objective evidence, that a specific intended use or the requirements for the application purpose have been met. [12] A pick list is an element of a digital graphical user interface that offers the user the opportunity to select options, such as terms from a ready-made list. [13] |
| Versio | Information content that has the same purpose but a different validity period and whose content may differ from each other. A version is a single a new or old version of a vocabulary, code set or data model. Their validity start and end dates differ from each other. Typically, a new version replaces an old version. [21] |
| Benchmarking | Benchmarking means comparing one's own activities with those of others, often the best equivalent. The basic idea of benchmarking is to learn from others and question one's own actions. [63] |
| Bar code | A barcode (or DataBar) consists of black and white bars of varying widths. The code can be numeric or alphanumeric, depending on the code system used. Barcodes do not usually contain information about the product itself, but only an identification code that allows the product to be identified quickly and accurately. It can be linear (1D) or two-dimensional (GS1 DataMatrix and QR codes are 2D barcodes). The information is read from the combination optically, where a reader (barcode scanner or smartphone camera) measures the width and/or combination of the barcode lines. The reading data from the reader is converted into electronic digital characters that can be processed in information systems. [9] [5] |
| WIP | The term WIP (work in progress) describes a stage or state of work that indicates that work has begun but has not yet been completed. It is commonly used to describe disruptions, problems, changes, etc. [64] |
YX (e.g. Interoperability, Maintenance Model, XML)
+| Interoperability | Interoperability refers to the ability of two or more systems or applications to exchange information and use the exchanged information together. Information systems are technically and informationally interoperable with other information systems when they are able to use the same information or work together, e.g. through an interface. [52] |
| Data transfer interoperability | Transport interoperability refers to interoperability in which an agreed communication infrastructure is used for the transfer of information between participating systems. [52] |
| Syntactic interoperability | Syntactic interoperability refers to interoperability in which the participating systems are able to understand the formats of the transmitted data. [52] |
| Semantic interoperability | Semantic data interoperability refers to interoperability in which the participating systems understand the purpose of information content in the context of the subject area. [52] |
| Maintenance model | A maintenance model is a subset (phasing) of the data content of a structure or system data model, which covers: maintenance perspective, i.e. tasks, changes, etc. during operation and maintenance [22] |
| Personalization | The distinction of an actor or object based on its individuality from others belonging to the same or similar group. [21] |
| Identification information | Information or a set of information that allows an actor or object to be identified. [21] |
| XML | XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a markup language used to store and communicate data in a hierarchical format. It is designed to facilitate the exchange of data between different systems because it is a human- and machine-readable text file. XML supports the exchange of data between computer systems, such as websites, databases, and third-party applications. The XML format is used, for example, to define the structure of web pages (HTML), to back up databases, to transfer data, and as configuration files. In XML, data is described using tags that define the structure and hierarchy of the data. [35] [65] [20] |